Construction of a linkage map of Lentinula edodes (shiitake) with the HEGS (high-efficiency genome scanning) system: use of versatile AFLP and PCR-based gene markers

An improved linkage map of Lentinula edodes (shiitake) was constructed with an HEGS (high-efficiency genome scanning) system. Two hundred twenty-one HEGS-derived amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP-H) markers and 21 gene markers were developed and combined with 203 previously developed sequencer-derived AFLP markers (AFLP-S markers) and 3 mating factor loci (A, Bα, and Bβ) to construct a comprehensive linkage analysis. As a result, a novel linkage map with 166 markers including 2 mating factors (A and B), 10 HEGS-derived gene markers, 72 AFLP-H markers, and 82 AFLP-S markers was obtained. Of the total 448 markers, 273 could not be located on a linear map and thus were assigned to linkage groups as accessory markers. The map covers a total length of 1398.4 centimorgans (cM) with an average marker interval distance of 8.4 cM. The map consists of 11 linkage groups (LGs) in agreement with our previous map, and 7 LGs among them were found to contain branched linkages, which may be the result of reciprocal translocations representing dynamic reorganization of the shiitake genome. The previously reported linkage map was improved in terms of number of markers, marker density, linear order of markers, and total map length. Contribution no. 384 of the Tottori Mycological Institute     

四川南充市白头鹎的繁殖习性及雏鸟的生长发育

2005年3~8月对南充市的白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)的繁殖习性进行了观察,研究了其雏鸟生长发育模式。结果表明,白头鹎于3月底开始营巢,营巢期(6±1)d,4月初产卵,一般为(3.50±0.50)枚,孵卵期(11±1)d,巢内育雏(13±1)d,雏鸟外部器官的形态学参数用Logistic曲线方程拟合,拟合度高,体长、翼长及10日龄前体重等生长曲线均呈“S”型。     

酒红朱雀的繁殖生态初步报道

2012年6月至8月期间,在甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区发现3巢酒红朱雀(Carpodacus vinaceus).巢呈碗状,筑于小云杉(Picea asperata)或小灌木上,距地面高1.5～1.9 m.卵的大小为(21.06 ±0.59)mm ×(14.81±0.26)mm,重(2.32±0.08)g(n =6).雌鸟单独孵卵,雌雄共同育雏,孵卵期约14 d,育雏期约13 d.     

Mothers vigilantly guard nests after partial brood loss: a cue of nest predation risk in a paper wasp

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Egg predation within the nests of social wasps: a new genus and species of Phlaeothripidae,and evolutionary consequences of Thysanoptera invasive behaviour

The insects known as thrips are commonly thought of as flower‐living and pestiferous organisms, but we report here a novel interaction between a phlaeothripine thrips species, Mirothrips arbiter gen. et sp. nov. and three species of social paper wasps in Brazil. This thrips species breeds inside the wasp colonies, and larval and adult thrips feed on wasp eggs, which become severely damaged. Infested nests can contain up to 300 M. arbiter gen. et sp. nov. individuals. The closest relatives of M. arbiter are two presumably predaceous species: Mirothrips bicolor sp. nov. , which inhabits abandoned Cecidomyiidae galls, and Mirothrips analis comb. nov. , described from individuals collected in the silken bags of the caterpillars of Psychidae moths. The behaviour exhibited by M. arbiter represents one of the most evolutionarily advanced lifestyles known among Thysanoptera, and we predict that other polistine species serve as hosts for this thrips in Brazil. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109 , 332–341.     

9. LIST OF MEMBERS (as at date of publication)

We studied the breeding ecology of the Chestnut-backed Sparrowlark Eremopterix leucotis over three years between 2008 and 2010. The breeding season was bimodal with a main peak in laying in autumn (March–April) and another smaller peak in spring (September–October). Nest microhabitat analyses showed they prefer nesting in open areas with lots of bare ground (median 67.5%). Nest entrance directions were biased towards the south (mean vector (µ) = 186.44°). The majority of nests (78.2%) had an apron at the nest entrance. The mean clutch size was 1.88 but there was geographic variation in clutch size between northern and southern races of the species. The mean incubation and nestling periods were 10.33 d (range 10–11 d) and 9.20 d (range 8–10 d), respectively. The results suggest that parental contributions during incubation are almost equal, but females made significantly more food deliveries during the nestling period compared to males. The diet of nestlings comprised mainly of invertebrates (50.2%), seeds (34.4%) and unidentified food items (15.4%). Breeding success was low, averaging 16.1% (range 8.1–20.6%), and the average number of fledged young per pair was 0.36 ± 0.71. Replacement broods were common and we also recorded repeat brooding attempts.     

Combining archive territory mapping data and aerial photography to investigate bird–habitat relationships: a case study from the Lincolnshire coast

Capsule Habitat associations of breeding birds in a complex coastal environment are clear, interpretable and mostly consistent between years.

Aims To match archive territory mapping data with historical aerial photographs and develop data handling and analytical techniques for the study of bird–habitat relationships.

Methods Bird registrations were digitized from archive British Trust for Ornithology Common Birds Census maps and habitat characteristics from contemporaneous aerial photographs. The resulting maps were overlaid and ranks of habitat preference for 15 species calculated using compositional analysis. Similarity analysis identified species with consistent habitat profiles across years. Cluster analysis identified groups of species with similar patterns of habitat use.

Results A total of 5400 registrations of 15 species in 14 habitats were analysed. Of these, 13 species showed stable patterns of habitat association across survey years. Clear differences and similarities in habitat preferences among the species were identified. The results may be used to inform conservation and management programmes in this and similar environments.

Conclusions Extensive archives of bird survey data can be used to study bird–habitat relationships and to measure the effects of natural and anthropogenic environmental change if contemporaneous aerial photographs can be sourced.     

Erfahrungsbericht über die Haltung und deutsche Erstzucht der Borneo-Flussschildkröte (Orlitia borneensis Gray, 1873) im Zoo Dresden

Dresden Zoo bred successfully the Malaysian giant turtle (Orlitia borneensis) in summer 2012. This was the first successful breeding of this species in Germany.Little is known about biology and behaviour of this large river turtle and keeping and especially breeding of this endangered species in captivity is a rarity. In order to create optimal breeding conditions Dresden Zoo rebuilt an enclosure for the turtles in 2010. An area with soil and sand was built for the expected egg deposition. After arranged matings one female dug a nest on this area and buried her eggs. Nine eggs were secured and transferred into an incubator in a box filled with a 1:1 mixture of vermiculite and water. The average temperature was 29 °C. After problems with the temperature regulation the damaged incubator had to be replaced. Because of an estimated incubation period of 3–4 months, one egg was opened on day 127 of incubation. A live hatchling with a big yolk sac was fetched. Because of the non-reabsorbed yolk sac the hatchling was further incubated. On day 154 of incubation all eggs were manually opened and the hatchlings were fetched. All of these hatchlings showed a non-reabsorbed yolk sac and were incubated onwards in a box with wet paper towel until the yolk sac was completely reabsorbed. After that the hatchlings were housed solitarily in a box with water of approximately 4 cm height and a small land area. Two days after housing food was offered for the first time. All hatchlings accepted the offered food consisting of herbal as well as of animal products and later turtle pellets and self-made turtle jelly.Though little is known about breeding this species, the breeding success of Dresden Zoo demonstrates a possible approach to this topic. But there are still things to optimize. For example the manual hatching is something that should be avoided in future. Fertilization and hatching rate of 100% are promising and up to date eight out of nine hatchlings are still alive.     

Flugunfähigmachen von Vögeln – Für und Wider

The techniques and biological functions of avian flight are briefly presented. The reasons for rendering zoo birds flightless are explained taking into account the tasks and obligations of modern zoos, and the various deflighting procedures are described. The legal situation regarding deflighting as it currently exists in Germany and other countries is clarified. It is discussed in detail under which circumstances it would be justifiable to render a bird flightless, to what extent keeping the birds in aviaries would be an alternative and whether reversible or irreversible methods should be preferred. A legal opinion has been sought which came to the conclusion that even under the restrictive Animal Welfare Law of Germany interventions to render a bird flightless were admissible if based on veterinary indication on a case-by-case basis. Such indication may be justified by the anticipation that a bird may be injured or die from an accident in future if not deflighted. Contrary to the views of some legal experts commenting on the German Animal Welfare Law the authors consider feather clipping not to be an intervention prohibited under the law. In the interest of the good functioning of european and international breeding programmes the authors suggest that the German legislation should be modified with a view of containing a general derogation for rendering flightless at least certain species of zoo birds.     

Intraguild predation between spawning smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) and nest‐raiding crayfish (Orconectes rusticus): implications for bass nesting success

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